{"id":147603,"date":"2020-06-26T16:27:22","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T16:27:22","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=147603"},"modified":"2020-06-26T19:59:10","modified_gmt":"2020-06-26T19:59:10","slug":"151779","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ech-chaab.com\/new\/2020\/06\/26\/151779\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\" align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 12.16px;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Nihilisme) \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u064c\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u064c\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/strong>: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (Core States)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u064c\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633|:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&nbsp;<strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u064c\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1963 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u062a 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 (Les bandits d&rsquo;honneur).<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 T.Friedman \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2018 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 (Top down)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u064c\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 (B.Russell) 1872-1970 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644. \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 Louis Althusser \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 (L&rsquo;Avenir dure longtemps 2013) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u064a (N.Machiavel 1469-1527) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u064c\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 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\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Unanimisme) \u0628\u0627\u064c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 1988 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 (Momifi&eacute;e) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0634 \u00ab\u00a0\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 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\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 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<\/strong><strong>2004 <\/strong><strong>ENAG<\/strong>\u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>&nbsp;: L&rsquo;empire des Hegienistes vivre aux colonies, fayard.2014 o.lecoux grande maison<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>1-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>2-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0634\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>3-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0627\u064c\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>4-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0640\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0645&nbsp; \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062c\u0651\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 (Show) \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0646.\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0645 &nbsp;N.Van Dam\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 2017 Destroying Nation \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 (Big Men) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 (Mac World) \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>5-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>6-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0651\u0637\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f 19 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>7-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u064c\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u064c\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644.\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0637\u0627 1877 L.Gambetta \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u00ab\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062d\u064a\u00a0\u00bb Quand le peuple se prononcera il faudra se soumettre ou se d&eacute;mettre.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u061f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 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d&eacute;mocratie R.laffont paris 2012<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>6-&nbsp;<\/strong>\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0651 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\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 (Task force) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 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medium;\"><strong>&#8211;&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629: \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 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\u064a\u0646\u0636\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0643<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 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\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 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dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064c\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 (America first) \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2011.09.09 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Patriot act) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 ( Ch.R.Ageron 1968, Les Alg&eacute;riens musulmans et la France, Tome 1 ).<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0629 Scientistes\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Ph.Burrin \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &nbsp;1995 ,La France &agrave; l&rsquo;heure allemande \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627&#8230; \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a (Jacobinisme) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u063a\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u064c\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u064c\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u064c\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 (Coh&eacute;sion) \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u064c\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064c\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0638\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u064c\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0645\u061f \u0641\u0647\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 Les identit&eacute;s meurtri&egrave;res \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0631 I.Stengers&nbsp; \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a R&eacute;activer le sens commun, les emp&ecirc;cheurs de penser en rond , d&eacute;couverte, paris 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (SDF).<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 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style=\"font-size: 12.16px;\">&nbsp;\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12.16px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":59,"featured_media":235913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[305],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-147603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-k2cat-30"],"acf":{"post_subtitle":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ech-chaab.com\/new\/2020\/06\/26\/151779\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-06-26T16:27:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-06-26T19:59:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ech-chaab.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ech-bw.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1015\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"613\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"meghlaoui\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"meghlaoui\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de 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