{"id":207441,"date":"2025-09-12T17:33:57","date_gmt":"2025-09-12T17:33:57","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=207441"},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"211829","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ech-chaab.com\/new\/2025\/09\/12\/211829\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0640\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0640\u064a \u0635\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" dir=\"rtl\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 &ldquo;\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a&rdquo; (The Principles of Mathematics)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1903\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a: \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627. &nbsp; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 &ldquo;\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629&rdquo; (Vicious Circle Principle) \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 &ldquo;\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629&rdquo;. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 &ldquo;x \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629&rdquo;\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 &ldquo;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639&rdquo;\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. &nbsp; <br \/>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 &ldquo;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629&rdquo; \u0639\u0627\u0645 1903\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 &ldquo;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629&rdquo; (ramified theory) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1908. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1908 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &ldquo;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639&rdquo; \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 &ldquo;\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629&rdquo; (1910-1913). &nbsp; <br \/>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0646\u0639. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1903\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629. &nbsp; <br \/>\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f &ldquo;\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644&rdquo; (axiom of reducibility) \u0641\u064a &ldquo;\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629&rdquo; \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a &ldquo;\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627&rdquo; (ad hoc) \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a 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